一种基于主-备份节点同步映射的VNF热备份机制

网络功能虚拟化实现了网络功能与专属硬件平台的分离，虚拟网络功能（Virtual Network Function,VNF）通过动态组合形成服务功能链，实现同一硬件平台部署不同的功能服务。针对软件定义网络功能服务可靠性和物理网络资源效率问题，提出了一种基于主备份节点同步映射的VNF节点热备份机制。首先，选择满足节点资源约束的物理节点为主备份节点候选映射对；然后，选择满足带宽约束的最短物理链路为服务路径，实现节点与链路资源总开销的优化。实验结果表明，与传统的备份机制相比，该方法能够满足电信级高可靠性的服务需求，降低了VNF节点备份资源总开销，提高了服务请求的接受率和底层物理网络资源的利用率。     

基于指数型功效函数的高技术产业集群竞争力评价研究——以京津冀为例

本文从内生竞争力和外生竞争力两方面影响因素构建了高技术产业集群竞争力评价三级指标体系,用AHP-熵值法综合确定指标的权重。基于维度和阈值改进的指数型功效函数构建了高技术产业集群竞争力评价模型,再由组合赋权法得到综合评价值,由此反映集群竞争力的强弱。对2004～2013年京津冀高技术产业集群进行实证检验,发现京津冀高技术产业集群竞争力整体呈现逐年增长的趋势,2004～2011年竞争力增长率较低,增长速度较慢;2011～2013年增长率提高,增长速度明显加快。     

Banking deregulation and allocative efficiency in Pakistan

This article examines the impact of deregulation policies on allocative efficiency of banks in Pakistan. It investigates whether deregulation has impacted the pattern of allocative efficiency of banks and explores which bank ownership segment has been more responsive. It uses data from 1991 to 2005 and explicitly models allocative inefficiency by using the translog shadow cost-share system. Empirical results show that overregulation and imperfect market structure hampers the ability of banks to make competitive decisions. We find evidence of allocative inefficiency leading to over-utilization of labour and deposits vis-à-vis operating cost. Empirical results for time-varying allocative efficiency show declining levels of allocative inefficiency for state-owned and private banks in post-reform period. Deregulation policies induce state-owned banks to decrease over-utilization of labour relative to deposits and operating cost while private banks succeed in using operating cost closer to optimal levels. Hence, policymakers have latitude to introduce more reforms without jeopardizing allocative efficiency.     

Assessing the impact of nocturia on health-related quality-of-life and utility: results of an observational survey in adults

Background and aim: The impact of nocturia (getting up at night to void) on health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) is often under-estimated. This study investigated the relative burden in terms of HRQoL and utilities of nocturia in a real-world setting.

Methods: Patient data were collected from two surveys: a nocturia-specific, cross-sectional survey of physicians and their patients (DSP), and a general UK population health survey (HSFE). Utilities (EQ-5D-5L), productivity (Work Productivity and Activity Index), and the impact of nocturia symptoms (Nocturia Impact Diary and Overactive Bladder Questionnaires) were assessed against the number of voids. A robust linear regression model with propensity score weights was used to control for confounding factors in estimating utilities.

Results: Physician-recorded data were available from 8,738 patients across the US, Germany, Spain, France, and the UK; of these, 5,335 (61%) included patient-reported outcomes. In total, 6,302 controls were drawn from the two surveys and compared to 1,104 nocturia patients. Deterioration of HRQoL was associated with increasing number of night-time voids (p?p?p?Limitations: The cause of nocturia is multifactorial and the mostly elderly patients may have several concomitant diseases. The authors tried to adjust for the most common ones, but there may be diseases or unknown relationships not included.

Conclusions: Nocturia negatively affected HRQoL and patient utility. A clear effect is seen already at two voids per night. Every effort should, therefore, be made to reduce nocturia below the bother threshold of two voids per night.     

社会保障——和谐社会的基石

社会保障是构建和谐社会的基石。基于我国的基本国情,当前与今后较长时期内,建立中国特色的社会保障制度应坚持政府责任原则、社会保障水平与经济保障水平相适应的原则和全民覆盖原则。     

Commercial Mortgage Default: A Comparison of Logit with Radial Basis Function Networks

This article explores the use of artificial neural networks in the modeling of foreclosure of commercial mortgages. The study employs a large set of individual loan histories previously used in the literature of proportional hazard models on loan default. Radial basis function networks are trained (estimated) using the same input variables as those used in the logistic. The objective is to demonstrate the use of networks in forecasting mortgage default and to compare their performance with that of the logistic benchmark in terms of prediction accuracy. Neural networks are shown to be superior to the logistic in terms of discriminating between good and bad loans. The study performs sensitivity analysis on the average loan and offers suggestions on further improving prediction of defaulting loans.     

Minimax estimation under convex loss when the parameter interval is bounded

In the present paper families of truncated distributions with a Lebesgue density forx=(x ₁,...,x _n ) ε ℝ ⁿ are considered, wheref ₀:ℝ → (0, ∞) is a known continuous function andC _n (ϑ) denotes a normalization constant. The unknown truncation parameterϑ which is assumed to belong to a bounded parameter intervalΘ=[0,d] is to be estimated under a convex loss function. It is studied whether a two point prior and a corresponding Bayes estimator form a saddle point when the parameter interval is sufficiently small.     

Resource Characteristics, Extraction Costs, and Optimal Exploitation of Mineral Resources

This paper modifies the traditional theories ofnon-renewable resource exploitation where reserve sizeis assumed to be the major determinant of extractioncosts. In a competitive model of resourceexploitation, characteristics of aggregate reservesare considered as a determinant of extraction cost. Then dynamic solutions for the price and exploratoryefforts are developed. Various price paths arefeasible under different assumptions with regard tothe changes in the reserve characteristics over time. Past empirical research shows that there is noconsistent price path for all materials. In fact, itis the quality of newly discovered reserves as well astheir size that has affected material prices. Todemonstrate the complexity of a firm's decision torecover mineral from new deposits, potentials forsubstantial high quality marine mineral resources areevaluated as a substitute for land-based resources.However, several factors including the decreasingtrend in marine mining R & D expenditures and thepotential impact of large-scale marine mining on priceof minerals indicate that mining of mostnon-hydrocarbon marine minerals will not take place inthe near future.     

Evolving techniques in production function identification illustrated in the case of the US dairy

We estimate production technologies of major dairy producing regions in the U.S. The simultaneity and sample selection biases are carefully corrected following the recent development in the literature. The commonly applied control function approaches are found to be misleading in correcting for biases of coefficient estimates on flexible and quasi-fixed input variables. We show that the emerging dairy regions have relatively higher aggregate productivity than traditional regions. Dynamic decomposition results indicate that surviving farms play a more important role in regional productivity growth than entering and exiting farms. Farm- and regional-level driving forces of farm productivity are also examined.     

Kano模型与模糊聚类分析在QFD中的应用

质量功能展开（QFD）是一种顾客驱动的产品设计方法,有效的顾客需求数据分析对于QFD技术的应用至关重要。在QFD中引入Kano模型的质量分类思想,将质量划分为魅力质量、一元质量、理所当然质量,以此为依据,运用模糊聚类方法对顾客需求数据进行细致的分析,确定每种需求信息的从属关系,从而获得更加科学有效的需求信息分类结果。同时,建立Kano模型和模糊聚类分析与质量屋的集成模型。最后将研究方法应用在摩托车产品设计中,证明其有效性。